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许渊冲:典籍英译,中国可算世界一流
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一个例子也许不够说明问题,我们再来看看中国最古老的典籍《诗经》的英译吧。《诗经》第一首《关雎》的原文如下:
关关雎鸠,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑。
参差荇菜,左右流之。窈窕淑女,寤寐求之。
求之不得,寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉,辗转反侧。
参差荇菜,左右采之。窈窕淑女,琴瑟友之。
参差荇菜,左右之。窈窕淑女,钟鼓乐之。

关于《关雎》,《诗经鉴赏集》第161-162页上解释说:“关关”两句表示时令,夏历二月春分季节,鸟兽开始交配,荇菜开始发芽,入夏才浮出水面;“左右流之”是说明荇菜在水上或左或右浮动的样子;“左右采之”是说明了夏秋之间长大可采了,比兴男女双方的恋爱已经达到成熟阶段;“琴瑟友之”说明还举行过订婚仪式;“左右之”说明结婚的季节,是在秋冬农事闲暇,荇菜成熟之后,人们煮熟来吃,在婚礼上招待客人。总而言之,《关雎》歌唱新婚夫妇在一年内由相识,求爱,热恋,订婚到结婚的全过程。因此,孔子把《关雎》列为《诗经》的第一篇,因为这首诗概括了礼乐齐家治国的思想。礼模仿自然界内在的和谐“琴瑟模仿关关的和声”。现在,我们来看看英国译者Waley和中国译者的译文。

Waley:
“Fair, fair,” cry the ospreys
On the island in the river.
Lovely is this noble lady,
Fit bride for our lord.

In patches grows the water mallow;
To left and right one must seek it.
Shy was this noble lady;
Day and night he sought her.

Sought her and could not get her;
Day and night he grieved.
Long thoughts, oh, long unhappy thoughts,
Now on his back, now tossing on to his side.

In patches grows the water mallow;
To left and right one must gather it.
Shy is this noble lady;
With great zithern and little we hearten her.

In patches grows the water mallow;
To left and right one must choose it.
Shy is this noble lady;
With gongs and drums we will gladden her.

Xu:
By riverside are cooing
A pair of turtledoves.
A good young man is wooing
A fair maiden he loves.

Water flows left and right
Of cresses here and there.
The youth yearns day and night
For the maiden so fair.

His yearning grows so strong,
He cannot fall asleep.
He tosses all night long,
So deep in love, so deep!

Now gather left and right
The cresses sweet and tender.
O lute, play music bright
For the bride sweet and slender.

Feast friends at left and right
On cresses cooked tender.
O bells and drums, delight
The bride so sweet and slender!

比较一下两种译文,到底哪种好些?首先是“雎鸠“, 英国人说是鱼鹰,中国人说是斑鸠,鱼鹰是吃鱼的,英国人自己也觉得用于婚歌不妥;而斑鸠却是成对成双的鸟,用于婚礼更加合适。第二是”关关“,英国人译成”fair, fair” 请问鱼鹰有这样叫的吗?中国人说是“咕咕叫”,而“咕咕”正是斑鸠的叫声。所以可以说,中国人的译文胜过了英国人的。第三,英国人把“淑女”和“君子”都说成是贵族,贵族会亲自到河边来采集荇菜么?不会,所以中国人说是平民男女,这又远远胜过了英国人的译文。第四,英国人把“流之”,“采之”,和“芘之”译成“seek (寻找),gather(采集),和choose(选择),虽然不能算错,但完全看不出荇菜春生夏发,浮于水面,秋收冬藏,宴请客人的情况,而这正是全诗的主要思想,说明劳动人民按照春夏秋冬的季节,过着劳逸结合的生活,显示了中国古代人顺应自然,天人合一的哲学思想。这种思想在中国人的译文中却体现出来了。有没有这种体现,可以说是翻译这首诗的成败关键。比较一下两种译文,高就分明了。
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